History of Islam and its Relations with Politics, Social, Economics, Military, and Culture.

The history of Islam includes the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of Islamic civilization. Jumhur historian[1] notes that Islam was based on the city of Makkah & Medina in the early 7th century AD. 

The following timeline can present a rough visual guide for the most crucial governments in the Islamic world before World War I. This timeline includes historical centers of power & culture, including the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), Persia (the latest Iran), the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the current Palestine/Israel), Egypt, maghrib (nautical west Africa), Al-Andalus (Iberia), Transoxiana (Central Asia), Hindustan (including Pakistan, North India, & modern Bangladesh), and Anatolia (the latest Turkey). This should be an assumption, because the governing power of some regions is sometimes divided between the centers of the powers, and the power in the great government is often spread across several dynasties. For example, during the late termination of the Abbasid Caliphate, even the Capital Baghdad was effectively governed by other dynasties e.g. Buwaihi & Seljuks; the Ottoman Turks used to send executive authority over the outer provinces to local rulers, such as Dey in Algeria, Bey in Tunisia, and mamluks in Iraq.

Read : History of islamic culture tahfidz

The lack of origin results in the study of the early period of Islamic history is difficult. [three] For example, the most important historiographical origin for islamic origins is al-Thabari's work. [4] Although al-Thabari is believed to be a capable historian of reference to his time &place, he used freely mystical discourses, legends, stereotypes, distorted, && polemically concerning the subject matter—which, however, is Islamically acceptable—and he mentions the beginning of Islam even though he was several generations adrift after its events; al-Thabari died 923. [five] [6]

The wide variety of views on how to deal with available sources has led to the development of four unequal approaches to the early history of Islam. Each of them has a following to this day. [7] [8]

• The narrative method uses the outline of Islamic traditions, while being adapted to karamah stories and confessions centered on beliefs in these origins. [9] Edward Gibbon and Gustav Weil represent several early historians who followed the narrative method.
• In the method of source criticism, there is a comparative search against all sources to recognize which informants-origins are weak & hence distinguishing false material. [10] The work of William Montgomery Watt and Wilferd Madelung are two models of source criticism.
• On the method of criticism of tradition, what is believed is that the sources are based on the oral tradition with subtle from-proposals & the history of the passage, so it is treated with great care. [11] Ignaz Goldziher was a pioneer of the traditional method of criticism, &Uri Rubin as a contemporary example.
• The skeptical method of disputing almost all matter of traditional origin; all possible cores of history are considered too difficult to decipher from molded &distorted material. [12] An early example of a skeptical method was the work of John Wansbrough.

These days, each of the popular methods has an unequal scope. The descriptive approach is more well known for the general description treatment of the early history of Islam. The method of critique of origin and critique of tradition is more followed by scientists who pay close attention to the beginnings of Islam. [7]

After the 8th century, the quality of sources-origins was getting higher and higher. [13] Sources discussing the early days using the relatively wide gaps in time and culture are now beginning to give notes of an increasingly contemporary nature, the quality of historical records is getting higher, and new documentation origins—such as official documents, correspondence, &syaires—are emerging. [13] For the era before the beginning of Islam—in the 6th century—its sources were also excellent, although the dough was of high quality. In particular, the origins covering the Sasanid impact area in the 6th century were relatively poor, while the sources for the Byzantine area at that time were of fairly good quality, and equipped with Syrian Christian origins for syrian territory & iraq. [14] Prophet Muhammad[edit source]

Map of the territory of the Islamic Caliphate and its surroundings in 750 AD (early second century Hijri)

The Arabian Peninsula before the arrival of Islam was a very backward area. Most Arabs are pagans & others are followers of Christianity & Jews. Mecca at that time was a holy place for the Arabs. for in that place there were still idols of their religion & jua there was still the Well of Zamzam and the most crucial was the Kaaba.

The Prophet Muhammad was born in Makkah in the Year of the Elephant i.e. on the 12th of early Rabi'ul or on April 21 (570 or 571 AD). Prophet Muhammad was an orphan after his father Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib died while he was still in the womb & his mother Aminah binti Wahab was killed when he was 7 years old. Then he was taken care of by his grandfather Abdul Muthalib. After his grandfather died he was taken care of by his uncle, Abu Talib. The Prophet Muhammad later married Siti Khadijah when he was 25 years old. He was once a goat herder.

Prophet Muhammad was once appointed as a judge.at the age of 35, the city of Mecca was hit by floods, He did not like the atmosphere of the city of Mecca which was filled with people who had high social cases. In addition to worshipping idols, the people of Mecca at that time buried female babies. The Prophet Muhammad spent his time alone in the cave of Hira in search of tranquility and thinking about the cause of the inhabitants of Mecca. When the Prophet Muhammad was 40 years old, he was visited by the Angel Gabriel. After that he taught the teachings of Islam secretly to those closest to him known as "as-Sabiqun al-Awwalun(The first people to convert to Islam)" & subsequently openly to the entire population of Mecca, after descending the revelation of the quran surah al hijr verse 94.

In 622, the Prophet Muhammad and his followers moved on the basis of Mecca to Medina. This event is named Hijra. Since that event began the Islamic Calendar or Hijri calendar.

The inhabitants of Mecca & Medina joined the war along with the Prophet Muhammad with good results even though some of them were Muslims who died. Over time the Muslims became more powerful, & managed to conquer the City of Mecca. After the Prophet Muhammad died, all the Arabian Peninsulas were under the domination of the original edit]

After the Prophet Muhammad was killed, four caliphs took turns ruling the Islamic state: Abu Bakr (632-634), Umar ibn Khattab (634-644), Uthman ibn Affan (644-656), and Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661). These leaders were called the Caliphs "Rasyidin" or "guided" in Sunni Islam. It was they who escorted the early termin of the Islamic conquest, all the way to Persia, the Levant, Egypt, and North Africa.

After Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr, a close friend of his, was elected caliph (Arabic: خليفة , translit. khalīfah, har. 'successor') first. Although in the position of caliph there remained an aura of religious authority, the caliph did not recognize prophethood at all. [15] A number of chieftains refused to continue the agreement they made using Muhammad to Abu Bakr, as a result of which they withheld the payment of zakat & some claimed to be prophets. [15] Abu Bakr maintained his power through a successful military campaign, known as the Riddah War, whose momentum was passed on to the eastern Roman and Sasanid empires. [16] At the end of the second caliphate, Umar, the Arab armies, whose number of warrings was further swelled due to the addition of defeated rebels[17] and former royal auxiliary forces,[18] defeated the Levant and Egypt, 2 Eastern Roman provinces, while the Sasanids lost their western territories, the rest of which would follow soon after. [15]